From British Rule to Independence- A Comprehensive Political History of The Gambia (1816-1994)

The political history of The Gambia, spanning from 1816 to 1994, is a narrative of colonial rule, struggle for independence, and the subsequent evolution of governance. This period witnessed significant changes in the political landscape, shaped by both external forces and internal dynamics.

The Gambia’s political history began with the arrival of the British in 1816, when the colony of the Gambia was established. The British, seeking to exploit the trade routes and resources of the region, imposed their rule over the local people. The colonial administration was characterized by a rigid class system, with the British at the top, followed by the local elite, and the majority of the population at the bottom. The political landscape was marked by the absence of any form of democratic governance, as the British maintained control through a series of appointed officials.

In the early 20th century, the Gambia’s political situation began to change. The formation of the Gambia Youth League in 1951 marked the beginning of the struggle for independence. The league, led by Kairaba Surur, advocated for self-governance and the end of colonial rule. The movement gained momentum, and in 1958, the Gambia became a self-governing colony within the British Empire.

The period following the granting of self-governance saw the emergence of political parties and the growth of a nascent democracy. The Alliance for the Liberation of the Gambia (ALIG) and the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) were the main political forces vying for power. In 1961, the Gambia gained full independence from Britain, with Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara becoming the first Prime Minister and later President.

The 1970s were a turbulent time for Gambian politics. President Jawara’s administration faced internal and external challenges, including a military coup attempt in 1970. Despite the coup, Jawara remained in power, and the country continued to develop its political institutions. The 1970s also saw the establishment of the National Assembly and the introduction of a new constitution.

In 1981, President Jawara’s government was overthrown in another military coup, led by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh. The coup marked the beginning of a long period of authoritarian rule. Jammeh’s regime was characterized by human rights abuses, suppression of political dissent, and the manipulation of the political process to maintain power. The 1990s were marked by increasing international pressure to democratize, and in 1994, Jammeh won the first multiparty presidential election.

The political history of The Gambia from 1816 to 1994 is a story of struggle, resilience, and the quest for self-determination. The period was marked by the transition from colonial rule to independence, the emergence of political parties, and the struggle for democratization. Despite the challenges, the Gambia’s political history has laid the foundation for the country’s future development and stability.